Sculpture is a branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, which involve the modeling, molding, or carving of materials into durable or ephemeral forms. Sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modeling (the addition of material, such as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood, and other materials. Since modernism, however, the range of materials and processes has expanded dramatically, incorporating assemblage, found objects, and digital fabrication. The primary concern of sculpture is the creation of form that occupies space and can be viewed from multiple angles. Its purposes are diverse, ranging from the ritualistic and commemorative to the purely decorative or expressive.
Sculpture
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Wiki Context
Overview
Overview & Introduction
Defines the art form, distinguishing it from painting and architecture, and explores its primary purpose of manipulating materials to occupy three-dimensional space.
History & Origins
Traces the evolution of sculptural practices from prehistoric figurines to monumental works in the ancient world, through the innovations of the Renaissance and the diverse approaches of the modern era.
Core Concepts & Fundamentals
Examines the foundational principles of sculpture, including form, space, mass, volume, line, texture, and the critical role of light and perspective in its perception.
Technique & Process
Details the two primary processes—subtractive (carving) and additive (modeling, casting, constructing)—and the essential tools and materials used in each.
Types & Classifications
Categorizes the art form by its relationship to space, including free-standing, relief, kinetic, assemblage, and installation works.
Applications & Cultural Roles
Analyses the diverse roles of sculpture across cultures, from ritual and commemoration to public art and contemporary conceptual statements.
Criticism & Controversies
Discusses significant debates, such as the valuation of traditional craftsmanship versus conceptual art, issues of public reception, and ethical concerns regarding materials and provenance.
Future Directions & Research
Explores current trends, including the use of new technologies like 3D printing and digital fabrication, sustainable practices, and the expanding boundaries of sculptural form.