Confucianism (儒家; rújiā) is an East Asian philosophical, ethical, and religious tradition originating in the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. It is a system of social, political, ethical, and philosophical thought developed from the teachings of Confucius (Kǒngzǐ, 551–479 BCE) and later expanded upon by scholars such as Mencius and Xunzi. Its core concerns are morality, governance, interpersonal relationships, personal cultivation, and the maintenance of social harmony through li (ritual propriety) and ren (benevolence, humaneness). While not strictly a religion in the theistic sense, it functions as a civil religion, a code of ethics, and a guiding philosophy of life, profoundly shaping the cultural, political, and social fabric of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam for over two millennia.
Confucianism
Overview
Overview and Introduction
The foundational principles, key figures, and central texts that define Confucianism as an ethical and philosophical tradition.
Historical Development and Origins
The life of Confucius, the compilation of the classics, and the evolution of the tradition through major schools and imperial patronage from antiquity to the modern era.
Core Concepts and Fundamentals
An examination of the cardinal virtues, including ren (benevolence), li (ritual propriety), yi (righteousness), and xiao (filial piety), and the Confucian model of the exemplary person (junzi).
Types and Schools of Thought
Key philosophical divergences within the tradition, including Mencian and Xunzi's theories of human nature, Neo-Confucianism, and the New Confucianism of the 20th century.
Applications and Cultural Influence
The practice of Confucianism in education, statecraft, rituals, and its profound impact on the art, literature, and social norms of East Asia.
Criticism, Controversies, and Modern Challenges
Historical and contemporary critiques regarding hierarchy, gender roles, adaptability to modernity, and its complex relationship with political authority.
Future Directions and Global Relevance
The role of Confucianism in contemporary East Asian identity, dialogue with other philosophical traditions, and its potential contributions to global ethics.