The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects—"things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household items to sophisticated industrial tools. The term, coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, builds on the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), microservices, and the internet. The IoT paradigm enables these objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefit.
Internet of Things
Overview
Overview / Introduction
Definition, etymology, historical context, and high-level significance of the Internet of Things as a technological paradigm.
History / Origins
Chronological development from early concepts of connected devices to the modern proliferation of IoT systems.
Core Concepts / Fundamentals
Examination of key principles, architectures, communication protocols, and enabling technologies fundamental to IoT.
Structure / Anatomy / Components
Detailed breakdown of the typical layers, components, and physical anatomy of an IoT system or device.
Types / Classifications
Classification of IoT systems by scale, domain, application, and technological approach.
Applications / Use Cases
Real-world implementation and impact across sectors such as smart homes, cities, industry, agriculture, and healthcare.
Criticism / Controversies / Limitations
Analysis of security vulnerabilities, privacy concerns, interoperability challenges, and societal implications.
Future Directions / Research
Emerging trends, future technological developments, and open research questions in the IoT landscape.